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Actief rolstoelen (op maat) en veilig rolstoelvervoer kan dat? Ja dat kan! Maar hoe moet het dan met rugondersteuning en hoofdsteun?
Allereerst een filmpje van een actief rolstoel die aan de ISO 7176/19 crashtest voldoet:
VIDEO
Crashtest Wolturnus W5 vastgezet met 4-puntssysteem / Dahl Engineering
Er zijn meerdere merken actief rolstoelen die met een hoofdsteun gecrashtest zijn.
Hoe dan? Hoor ik u al denken. Moet ik als actief rolstoel gebruiker met een hoofdsteun op de rolstoel rondrijden, als ik ook gebruik wil maken van een rolstoeltaxi? Want, zonder die hoofdsteun voldoet de rolstoel misschien niet aan de crashtest? Sterk genoeg dat wel, maar er is dan weinig steun voor hoofd en rug.
Doet u dat ook? Als passagier in een auto, bij het uitstappen je hoofdsteun meenemen, want ja die heb je bij de volgende rit weer nodig? Nee toch? Moderne autostoelen zijn standaard voorzien van hoofdsteunen.
Wat zegt de Code VVR over de basisbeginselen van veilig rolstoelvervoer:
“Het toegankelijkheidsbeginsel uit het VN-verdrag Rechten voor mensen met een beperking stelt dat iedereen dezelfde rechten heeft op het gebied van toegankelijkheid en participatie in de maatschappij. Daarbij hoort het recht op vrije keuze van mobiliteitsmiddelen. Daarnaast mogen rolstoelinzittenden verwachten dat zij een gelijk niveau van bescherming geboden krijgen als niet-rolstoelgebonden passagiers. Dit laatste noemen we het gelijkheidsbeginsel …”
In veel guidelines volgt er meestal na die tweede paragraaf vrijwel direct een relativering, zo niet hier. Dat heeft nogal wat implicaties:
Botsproeven
Auto’s worden frontaal, kop-staart, zijwaarts en schuin van voren gecrashtest met een geïnstrumenteerde dummy die het risico op hoofd en nekletsel meet. Rolstoelen worden alleen frontaal, met een niet geïnstrumenteerde dummy gecrashtest. Dus, over de kans op nek en hoofdletsel geeft de crashtest geen uitkomst. Hoe de rolstoel zich gedraagt bij niet frontale botsingen is ook niet bekend. De crashtest dient, bij de huidige stand der techniek, eigenlijk als relatief eenvoudig te testen sterkte criterium voor een seriematig geproduceerde rolstoel. Ook rolstoelen op maat kunnen echter sterk genoeg zijn. Omdat het enkelstuksfabricage is, is een crashtest in dat geval een onmogelijke eis.
De Code VVR noemt het verwonden van andere passagiers als risico van het vervoeren van rolstoelgebruikers in een rolstoel die niet is gecrashtest. Dat moeten we niet willen natuurlijk. Hoe vaak doet zich dat risico eigenlijk voor in de praktijk? Rolstoelen die zodanig faalden in een crash dat rolstoelgebruikers of andere passagiers dààrdoor gewond zijn geraakt of overleden? Ik ben daar echt heel beniewd naar, heeft iemand voorbeelden? Laat u het mij weten? Is dat risico echt wel zo hoog, dat het eerste beginsel van de Code VVR SFM – het recht op vrije keuze van mobiliteitshulpmiddelen – mag worden gepasseerd? Zie ook Pièce de Résistance van de Code VVR voor een andere inclusievere benadering van veilig rolstoelvervoer.
Een rolstoel die aan de crashtest voldoet is altijd eerste keuze als deze als voertuigstoel gebruikt moeten worden. Als – op basis van het eisenpakket bij de verstrekking – geen passende rolstoel gevonden kan worden, kunnen ook rolstoelen op maat gebruikt worden als voertuigstoel. Als tenminste de fabrikant die gebruiksmogelijkheid aangeeft en haaksymbolen aanwezig zijn. De fabrikant heeft dan nagedacht over de sterkte eisen en hoe daar aan te voldoen.
Gordelloop
Voertuigstoelen hebben een vrij vaste configuratie, zodat de drie-punts gordel in de meeste gevallen als vanzelf op de juiste manier aansluit op het lichaam. Bij rolstoelen is dat heel anders, de gordelloop verdient veel aandacht wil deze juist zijn. Goed laag over de heupen en midden over de schouder. De sluiting hoort aan de zijkant te zitten, niet midden op de buik. Zie ook de eerdere opmerkingen bij de rijdende rechter . De risico’s van verkeerde gordelloop zijn wel degelijk reëel. Een verkeerde gordelloop heeft wél geleid tot slachtoffers:
“n another recent and ongoing study, in-depth investigations of crash and non-crash events involving wheelchair-seated occupants are being performed (Schneider, Klinich, Moore, & MacWilliams, 2010 ). In these investigations, interviews are conducted with the wheelchair occupant and/or vehicle driver (if other than the wheelchair occupant) and detailed inspections of the case vehicle, accident site, wheelchair, and wheelchair tiedown and occupant restraint systems, are conducted when appropriate. As of 2009, in 39 crash and non-crash evens involving 42 wheelchair-seated occupants, 34 of the 42 wheelchairs were effectively secured during the crash or non-crash event. However, only 12 of these occupants were properly restrained using a crash-tested pelvic/shoulder belt restraint. Many wheelchair-seated occupants failed to use shoulder belts or wore the belt restraints loosely or improperly positioned. Wheelchair components frequently interfere with the routing of lap/shoulder belts, or individuals assume that a postural or positioning belt will provide effective restraint in crash situations. Ten of the 42 occupants died and ten others sustained serious injuries, and many of these occurred in low-to-moderate severity crash events that would not be expected to result in serious or fatal injuries to properly restrained occupants sitting in vehicle seats.”
Hoofd en rugsteun
Voertuigstoelen hebben een goede hoofd en rugsteun. Bij een aantal handbewogen rolstoelen is dat minder vanzelfsprekend. De eis van tenminste een schouderhoge rugleuning is enerzijds onvoldoende (geen hoofdsteun) en anderzijds beperkend in de keuze van de rolstoel. Denk aan lichte actief rolstoelen op maat, met opzettelijk een lage rugleuning om de schouders vrij te houden bij het aandrijven van de rolstoel. Wanneer hebben die een hoge rugleuning en hoofdsteun nodig? Precies, alleen als zij gebruik maken van rolstoel taxi vervoer.
Wil je als Code VVR SFM beter in de buurt komen van een gewone voertuigstoel, kun je er natuurlijk voor kiezen om voor handbewogen rolstoelen een hoofdsteun en rugondersteuning in de taxibus te eisen. De vraag is of die oplossing de beste is gezien alle belangen, ook die van de rolstoelgebruikers? Erg belangrijk blijft dat de rolstoel-ergonomie meegewogen wordt bij oplossingen van veilig rolstoelvervoer. En dat de rolstoelfabrikant aangeeft dat de rolstoel als zitplaats gebruikt mag worden in het rolstoelvervoer en hoe deze vastgezet kan worden in het vervoer aangeduid met haaksymbolen. In het geval van een actief rolstoel met een lage rugleuning is dan de consequentie: gebruik makend van een voertuiggebonden hoofdsteun en rugondersteuning.
Dat is innovatie en het kiezen van de meest veilige oplossing voor iedereen!
Het wiel hoeft niet opnieuw te worden uitgevonden. Er zijn al verschillende voorbeelden van hoofd en rug ondersteuningen op de markt, waaronder deze :
VIDEO
Of deze ,
Op beurzen kwam ik ook oplossingen tegen van Nederlandse busombouwers. Dat deze oplossingen nog niet algemeen zijn ingevoerd zal uiteraard iets te maken hebben met financiën.
Conclusie
Er zijn wel degelijk mogelijkheden voor innovatie en het verbeteren van de veiligheid van het rolstoelvervoer. De basis is een goede risico analyse en een richtlijn die tegemoet komt aan de beide in de Code VVR genoemde basis principes. De huidige Code VVR SFM voldoet daar niet aan. Als de Code VVR SFM gebruiker’s van een rolstoel op maat benoemt als restgroep is dat uitermate discriminerend en getuigt het niet van een wil tot het vinden van goed bruikbare oplossingen. De tijd dat je alle kleuren Ford’s kon kiezen als ze maar zwart waren, ligt al weer enige tijd achter ons.
Ga een open gesprek aan met individuele rolstoelgebruikers, ergotherapeuten, revalidatieartsen en fabrikanten van rolstoelen op maat. En maak een richtlijn met inclusieve oplossingen in plaats van beperkende uitzonderingsbepalingen.
Referenties
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